The development and utilization of lunar resources are of great significance. Considering the constraints of Earth-to-Moon transportation and extreme lunar environments, this paper summarizes the current development status of high-performance structures and intelligent construction technology for lunar bases and clarifies the application prospects of digital-assisted technology, material forming technology, and structural construction technology in intelligent construction of lunar bases. The paper discusses the development needs and challenges of intelligent construction technology for lunar bases in extreme environments from the perspectives of national development strategy, independent innovation in lunar base construction, and development of intelligent construction technology. It then proposes three development suggestions: promoting standardization of structural construction design and construction methods of lunar bases, strengthening the research and development of in-situ lunar resource construction material technology, and accelerating the software/hardware integration of control systems and construction machinery for lunar base construction. The paper is expected to serve the construction of high-performance lunar bases, promote the development of China’s deep space exploration, and support the construction of a strong aerospace country.